Kidney transplantation is the best treatment for end-stage renal failure. An unwanted outcome of transplant treatment is delayed graft function (DGF), which is why it is necessary to continue dialysis treatment for longer than 7 days after the transplant procedure. Cardiovascular pathology of the kidney recipients is one of the many factors that influence the transplant outcome. The success of transplant treatment depends on the presence and extent of vascular calcifications, which hinder the formation of vascular anastomoses. Injury and consequent dysfunction of endothelial cells with the development of vascular calcifications in the milieu of chronic inflammation in uremia is common in kidney recipients and contributes to ischemic and immune damage of the transplant. The pathological process of the formation of vascular calcifications in the intima and media of the arterial wall is similar to the physiological process of bone building, and BMP-2 and BMP-7 participate in both processes. The expression and activity of BMP-2 in the endothelium and VSMC of arteries is osteoinductive; BMP-2 is a promoter of the formation of vascular calcifications. BMP-7 inhibits the formation of vascular calcifications. Despite their opposing activities in atherosclerotic calcifying vascular pathology, both BMPs prevent ischemia-reperfusion injury, which is inevitable in transplant treatment, and on whose intensity and duration the early function of the graft depends. With our research, we tried to answer the question whether the expression of BMP-2 and BMP-7 in the endothelial and VSMC of the epigastric artery branch of the iliac artery, to which the renal artery of the transplanted kidney is anastomosed, is related to the early transplant outcome. Higher endothelial expression of BMP-2 is the strongest predictor of immediate graft function (IGF) and not DGF, which is contrary to the hypothesis. Subjects who did not have endothelial expression of BMP-2 almost always had DGF, while subjects with higher endothelial expression of BMP-2 were less likely to have DGF and this remained statistically significant even after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, smoking and medical history arterial hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (for subjects and donors), time of dialysis treatment, cold-ischemia time, MM. Unlike BMP-2, the endothelial expression of BMP-7 did not differ between subjects with IGF and those with DGF. Endothelial expression of BMP-2 is lower in kidney recipients than in the control group with normal kidney function, it is lower in those treated with dialysis for a long time, and it does not differ in subjects with and without vascular macrocalcifications. Contrary to BMP-2, the endothelial expression of BMP-7 was followed by the expression in VSMC; they are higher in long-term dialysis patients and in subjects with vascular macrocalcifications. DGF increases the risk for acute graft rejection, development of fibrosis, worse short-term and long-term graft function. Unexpected results of our study suggest that endothelial (non)expression of BMP-2 could be a predictive biomarker of DGF. Although numerous in vitro studies on cell cultures over the past 20 years have shed light on the synthesis of BMP-2 and BMP-7, the affinities and kinetics of binding to cell receptors, intracellular signaling and instructions to the cell "what to do", these findings are not easy to implement in human pathology. The number, complexity and intertwining of pathophysiological events at the cellular, tissue and organ level in CKD patients who replace renal function with dialysis certainly affect the vascular synthesis, signaling and activity of BMPs and possibly differ from those in cell cultures and animal models of CKD, which our results also show. Future research will confirm this thinking.