bjectives: The purpose of this research was to asses the knowledge and practice of dental caries and methods of prevention among family practice physicians and pediatricians Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study included doctors of medicine who work on the territory of the Republic of Croatia in primary health care. Physicians of general and family practice, as well as pediatric specialists, participated. The survey questionnaire consisted of five parts (demographic and professional characteristics, practices of daily oral cavity examinations in clinical work, knowledge about development of caries, its prevention and methods of conducting oral hygiene, teething symptoms and alternatives to fluorides in the prevention of caries). Results: A total of 446 respondents participated in research, including 364 family practice physicians and 82 pediatricians. The examinees showed an average poor knowledge of dental caries and its prevention with an average score of 5.1 ± 1.6 out of maximum 10 points. Better knowledge was shown by pediatricians (P ≤ 0.001), female examinees (P = 0.029) and those with a higher number of children patients per day (P ≤ 0.001). Examinations of children’s oral cavities are performed by 84.3% of the doctors involved in the research during their daily clinical work. A large part of examinees (76.2%) believes that they should actively participate as medical doctors in promoting children’s oral health. Conclusion: The medical doctors who were involved in the research showed their insufficient knowledge about the occurrence of caries and the ways of its prevention in their answers to the survey questions. From the obtained results, it is concluded that it is necessary to educate physicians of family (general) practice and pediatricians in order for them to have adequate knowledge and to contribute to the preservation of children’s oral health.