| Sažetak | Cilj istraživanja: Cilj istraživanja bio je procijeniti kvalitetu i intenzitet nevoljnih autobiografskih sjećanja, intruzivnih sjećanja i flashback epizoda u sadržajima svjedočanstava žena žrtava seksualnog zlostavljanja u ratu.
Materijal i metode: Analizirali smo iskaze 58 žena, žrtava silovanja i seksualnog zlostavljanja u ratu (1991.-1995.). Svjedočanstva su prikupljana individualno u izbjegličkom smještaju (kamp, hotel) i u prostorima „Medicinskog centra za prava čovjeka“ u Zagrebu, Splitu i Međugorju (Bosna i Hercegovina). Sve su osobe dragovoljno sudjelovale u ispitivanju. Intervju je obično provodio jedan intervjuer (psiholog ili psihijatar), koji je prakticirao uglavnom neintervencionističku strategiju, potičući slobodan protok memorije kako bi povratio mišljenje i osjećaje ispitanika o njihovim iskustvima. Svjedočanstvo sadrži opise promatranog fenomena, bez namjere istraživača da prosuđuje valjanost uzroka ili posljedicu stanja. U postupku analize sadržaja cilj je bio procijeniti kvalitetu i intenzitet nevoljnih autobiografskih sjećanja, intruzivnih sjećanja i flashback epizoda u sadržajima svjedočanstava žena žrtava seksualnog zlostavljanja u ratu. U analizi smo koristili kriterije za procjenu kvalitete i intenziteta traumatskih sjećanja sadržane u radu Kvavilashvili (2014). Okolnosti silovanja analizirali smo s obzirom na to: A) je li žrtva silovana jednom od strane više osoba, više puta od strane više osoba ili od strane jedne osobe; B) je li žrtva bila u izolaciji ili nije; C) jesu li svjedoci bili prisutni činu ili odsutni; te D) je li silovatelj bio poznat ili nepoznat žrtvi.
Rezultati: Žene-žrtve silovanja i seksualnog zlostavljanja silovane jednom od strane više osoba imaju značajno češće flashback epizode (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), imaju veću učestalost ponavljanja intruzivnih autobiografskih sjećanja na traumatski događaj (6/20, 30%, P=0.041), značajno prisutnije spontano vraćanje flashback epizoda (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), imaju najveću učestalost ponavljanja flashback epizoda (6/20, 30%, P=0.056), te češće emocionalno negativno vrednuju događaj (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), imaju življa sjećanja (45%, P=0.011), češće aktivno izbjegavaju sjećanja (45%, P=0.011), češće ponovno proživljavaju događaj (9/20, 45%, P=0.011).
Učestalost „flashback“-ova je statistički značajno veća kada su prisutni svjedoci-očevidci događaju silovanja. Žrtve silovane u prisutnosti svjedoka-očevidca imaju i značajno češće spontano vraćanje flashback epizoda (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048), značajno češće emocionalno negativno vrednuju događaj (flashback) (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048), češće živo opisuju događaj (flashback) (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048), češće aktivno izbjegavaju flashback epizode (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048). te značajno češće ponovno proživljavaju događaj (flashback epizoda) (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048). Poznavanje silovatelja od strane žrtve ne utječe statistički značajno na učestalost i kvalitetu traumatskih sjećanja.
Zaključci: Učestalost i intenzitet nevoljnih intruzivnih prisjećanja osobito su naglašeni u žrtava koje su silovane jednom od strane više osoba i u onih silovanih u prisustvu svjedoka. Za razliku od toga, poznavanje silovatelja i izoliranost tijekom zlostavljanja ne utječu na učestalost i kvalitetu flashback epizoda. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | Objective: Objective of research was to evaluate quality and intensity of involuntary autobiographical memories, intrusive memories and flashbacks in testimony content of female sexual harassment victims at war.
Material and Methods: We analyzed statements of 58 women, rape and sexual harassment victims at war (1991.-1995.). Testimonies were collected individualy in refugee accommodation (camp, hotel) and in rooms of „Medical center for rights of man“ in Zagreb, Split and Međugorje (Bosnia and Herzegovina). All persons participate voluntarily in questioning. Interview was usually conducted by one interviewer (psychologist or psychiatrist), who usually practiced noninterventionist strategy, encouraging free memory float to recall thoughts and emotions of respondents about their experiences. Testimony contains descriptions of observed phenomena, without researcher intention to judge cause validity or state repercussion. During content analysis objective was to evaluate quality and intensity of involuntary autobiographical memories, intrusive memories and flashbacks in testimony content of female sexual harassment victims at war. For analysis we used criteria from Kvavilashvili (2014) paper to evaluate quality and intensity of traumatic memories. We analyzed rape circumstances referring to: A) was victim raped one time by one person, multiple times by multiple persons or by one person; B) was victim isolated or was not; C) were witnesses present to act or absent; and D) was rapist known or unknown to victim.
Results: Women-victims of rape and sexual harassment that were raped once by multiple persons have statistically significant more often flashbacks (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), more often have repetition of intrusive autobiographical memories of traumatic event (6/20, 30%, P=0.041), have more often spontaneous retrieval of flashbacks (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), they have highest frequency of flashbacks repetition (6/20, 30%, P=0.056), they more often evaluate events emotionally negative (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), they have more vivid memories (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), they more actively avoid memories ( 9/20, 45%, P=0.011), more often re-experience event (9/20, 45%, P=0.011).
Flashbacks frequency is statistically significant higher when witnesses of rape event are present (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048). Victims raped in presence of eyewitness have statistically significant more often spontaneous retrieval of flashbacks (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048), more often evaluate event as emotional negative (flashback) (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048), they have more vivid describe event (flashback) (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048), more actively avoid flashbacks (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048). and more often re-experience event (flashback) (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048). Knowing rapist by victim does not affect statistically significant on frequency and quality of traumatic memories.
Conclusions: Incidence and intensity of involuntary intrusive recalls are especially highlighted in victims who were raped once by multiple persons and in those who were raped in presence of witness. Unlike that, knowing rapist and isolation during harassment does not affect incidence and quality of flashbacks. |
